python如何删除文件及文件夹

删除文件及文件夹的主要方法有：os.remove()、os.rmdir()、shutil.rmtree()。其中，os.remove()用于删除单个文件，os.rmdir()用于删除单个空文件夹，shutil.rmtree()用于删除文件夹及其所有内容。下面将详细介绍这几种方法，并提供具体的代码示例。

一、os.remove()删除文件

使用os.remove()可以删除指定路径的单个文件。这个方法不会删除文件夹。如果指定的路径是一个文件夹，会抛出一个错误。

import os
文件路径
file_path = 'path/to/your/file.txt'
删除文件
os.remove(file_path)
print(f"{file_path} has been deleted.")

注意： 在删除文件之前，最好先检查文件是否存在，否则会抛出FileNotFoundError。

if os.path.exists(file_path):
    os.remove(file_path)
    print(f"{file_path} has been deleted.")
else:
    print(f"{file_path} does not exist.")

二、os.rmdir()删除空文件夹

os.rmdir()只能删除空文件夹，如果文件夹不为空，会抛出OSError。

import os
文件夹路径
dir_path = 'path/to/your/directory'
删除空文件夹
os.rmdir(dir_path)
print(f"{dir_path} has been deleted.")

注意： 在删除文件夹之前，最好先检查文件夹是否存在。

if os.path.exists(dir_path):
    os.rmdir(dir_path)
    print(f"{dir_path} has been deleted.")
else:
    print(f"{dir_path} does not exist.")

三、shutil.rmtree()删除文件夹及其所有内容

如果需要删除非空文件夹及其所有内容，可以使用shutil.rmtree()。

import shutil
文件夹路径
dir_path = 'path/to/your/directory'
删除文件夹及其所有内容
shutil.rmtree(dir_path)
print(f"{dir_path} and all its content have been deleted.")

注意： 在删除文件夹及其内容之前，最好先检查文件夹是否存在。

if os.path.exists(dir_path):
    shutil.rmtree(dir_path)
    print(f"{dir_path} and all its content have been deleted.")
else:
    print(f"{dir_path} does not exist.")

四、异常处理

在删除文件和文件夹时，可能会遇到各种异常情况，如文件或文件夹不存在、没有权限删除等。可以使用try-except块来处理这些异常。

import os
import shutil
def delete_file(file_path):
    try:
        if os.path.exists(file_path):
            os.remove(file_path)
            print(f"{file_path} has been deleted.")
        else:
            print(f"{file_path} does not exist.")
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"Error occurred while deleting file: {e}")
def delete_directory(dir_path):
    try:
        if os.path.exists(dir_path):
            shutil.rmtree(dir_path)
            print(f"{dir_path} and all its content have been deleted.")
        else:
            print(f"{dir_path} does not exist.")
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"Error occurred while deleting directory: {e}")
使用示例
delete_file('path/to/your/file.txt')
delete_directory('path/to/your/directory')

五、用户确认删除操作

为了避免误删除重要文件或文件夹，可以在删除操作之前添加用户确认步骤。

import os
import shutil
def user_confirm(prompt):
    while True:
        response = input(prompt).lower()
        if response in ['y', 'n']:
            return response == 'y'
        else:
            print("Please respond with 'y' or 'n'.")
def delete_file(file_path):
    if user_confirm(f"Are you sure you want to delete {file_path}? (y/n): "):
        try:
            if os.path.exists(file_path):
                os.remove(file_path)
                print(f"{file_path} has been deleted.")
            else:
                print(f"{file_path} does not exist.")
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"Error occurred while deleting file: {e}")
def delete_directory(dir_path):
    if user_confirm(f"Are you sure you want to delete {dir_path} and all its content? (y/n): "):
        try:
            if os.path.exists(dir_path):
                shutil.rmtree(dir_path)
                print(f"{dir_path} and all its content have been deleted.")
            else:
                print(f"{dir_path} does not exist.")
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"Error occurred while deleting directory: {e}")
使用示例
delete_file('path/to/your/file.txt')
delete_directory('path/to/your/directory')

六、日志记录删除操作

为了记录删除操作，可以将删除操作记录到日志文件中。

import os
import shutil
import logging
配置日志记录
logging.basicConfig(filename='file_operations.log', level=logging.INFO, 
                    format='%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
def delete_file(file_path):
    try:
        if os.path.exists(file_path):
            os.remove(file_path)
            logging.info(f"{file_path} has been deleted.")
        else:
            logging.warning(f"{file_path} does not exist.")
    except Exception as e:
        logging.error(f"Error occurred while deleting file: {e}")
def delete_directory(dir_path):
    try:
        if os.path.exists(dir_path):
            shutil.rmtree(dir_path)
            logging.info(f"{dir_path} and all its content have been deleted.")
        else:
            logging.warning(f"{dir_path} does not exist.")
    except Exception as e:
        logging.error(f"Error occurred while deleting directory: {e}")
使用示例
delete_file('path/to/your/file.txt')
delete_directory('path/to/your/directory')