项目总包管理办法怎么写

项目总包管理办法在现代建筑工程中扮演着至关重要的角色。其核心目的是通过合理的分工和协作，确保工程项目的顺利推进。在撰写《项目总包管理办法》时，必须明确几个要点：明确总承包方职责、确保资质要求、合理风险分担、规范分包流程。这些要素不仅能够提高项目实施的效率，还能在出现问题时有效规避责任争议。

具体来说，项目总包管理办法的首要任务是明确总承包单位的职责和义务。总承包单位通常负责项目的设计、采购、施工等工作，因此，其需要具备全方位的工程管理能力。而在管理过程中，明确工程总承包单位的资质要求是至关重要的一环，尤其是要求其同时具备设计和施工的资质。这一要求能够避免过去设计和施工割裂所带来的管理问题，提升项目执行效率。

一、项目总包管理办法的核心要素

项目总包管理办法的核心要素主要包括：总承包方资质要求、职责划分、风险管理和分包管理。这些元素直接关系到项目实施的效果和质量控制。

1. 总承包方资质要求

在项目总包管理办法中，总承包方必须具备一定的资质标准，这包括了工程设计和施工两方面的资质。为了避免设计与施工的脱节，法规明确了总承包单位必须同时具备与工程规模相适应的设计和施工资质，这一条款有效推动了设计与施工一体化的发展(住房和城乡建设部 国家发展改革委关于印发房屋建筑和市政基础设施项目工程总承包管理办法的通知_国务院部门文件_中国政府网)(住房城乡建设部关于发布国家标准《建设项目工程总承包管理规范》的公告)。

此外，政府部门鼓励那些既有设计资质又具备施工能力的企业，进行自我整合，提升竞争力。这不仅符合行业发展的趋势，还能够提升整体工程质量和效率。具备综合资质的公司往往能够在工程项目管理中充分发挥其优势，减少外部协调成本，并提高项目进度和质量的控制[(关于《房屋建筑和市政基础设施项目工程总承包管理办法》（建市规[2019]12号）重点内容解读_政务公开

_寿县人民政府)](https://www.shouxian.gov.cn/public/content/258144089#:~:text=%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81%E6%8F%90%E9%AB%98%E4%BA%86%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E8%A6%81%E6%B1%82%EF%BC%8C%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%0A%0A%E5%9C%A8%E7%9B%AE%E5%89%8D%E6%B2%A1%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%93%E9%97%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E4%B8%8B%EF%BC%8C93%20%E5%8F%B7%E6%96%87%E4%B8%AD%E6%98%8E%E7%A1%AE%E4%BA%86%E5%85%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%BA%94%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E6%88%96%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E4%B8%9A%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%9D%87%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E6%89%BF%E6%8F%BD%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E3%80%8293%20%E5%8F%B7%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E5%B8%83%E5%90%8E%EF%BC%8C%E5%AF%B9%E9%BC%93%E5%8A%B1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E7%A7%AF%E6%9E%81%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E8%B5%B7%E5%88%B0%E4%BA%86%E7%9A%84%E6%8E%A8%E5%8A%A8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E3%80%82%E3%80%8A%E6%80%BB%E5%8C%85%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%E3%80%8B%E6%9C%AC%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%80%E6%94%B9%E4%B9%8B%E5%89%8D%E5%85%81%E8%AE%B8%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%88%86%E5%88%AB%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E7%9A%84%E5%81%9A%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E6%9D%A1%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E4%BA%86%E2%80%9C%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%BD%93%E5%90%8C%E6%97%B6%E5%85%B7%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%8E%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%A7%84%E6%A8%A1%E7%9B%B8%E9%80%82%E5%BA%94%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E7%94%B1%E5%85%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%BA%94%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E7%BB%84%E6%88%90%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BD%93%E3%80%82%E2%80%9D%20%E6%98%8E%E7%A1%AE%E4%BA%86%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E6%8E%A8%E8%BF%9B%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E5%AF%BC%E5%90%91%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%A5%EF%BC%8C%E9%9A%8F%E7%9D%80%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E5%8F%91%E5%8C%85%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E9%87%87%E7%94%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E9%87%8F%E6%97%A5%E8%B6%8B%E5%A2%9E%E5%8A%A0%EF%BC%8C%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%9F%E5%8F%8D%E6%98%A0%E5%87%BA%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%89%BF%E6%8E%A5%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%9B%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3%E3%80%82%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E4%BD%93%E7%8E%B0%E5%87%BA%E7%BC%BA%E4%B9%8F%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E5%91%98%E3%80%81%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E5%92%8C%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%EF%BC%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%88%99%E4%BD%93%E7%8E%B0%E5%87%BA%E7%BC%BA%E4%B9%8F%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E4%BC%98%E5%8C%96%E5%92%8C%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E7%BB%9F%E7%AD%B9%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B%E7%9A%84%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E3%80%82%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%9F%E5%B7%B2%E7%BB%8F%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%8D%E5%B0%91%E5%85%B7%E5%A4%87%E5%89%8D%E7%9E%BB%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%BC%80%E5%A7%8B%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87%E6%96%B0%E8%AE%BE%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E3%80%81%E8%82%A1%E6%9D%83%E6%94%B6%E8%B4%AD%E3%80%81%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89%E6%8C%81%E8%82%A1%E7%AD%89%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B%E3%80%82%E4%B8%BA%E4%BA%86%E5%9F%B9%E8%82%B2%E6%9B%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%B7%E5%A4%87%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%93%E5%8C%96%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B%E7%9A%84%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E4%B8%9A%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%EF%BC%8C%E3%80%8A%E6%80%BB%E5%8C%85%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%E3%80%8B%E5%9C%A8%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%9D%A1%E4%B9%9F%E7%BB%99%E5%87%BA%E4%BA%86%E9%BC%93%E5%8A%B1%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E8%A1%A5%E8%B6%B3%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E7%9F%AD%E6%9D%BF%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E4%B8%89%E3%80%81%E6%98%8E%E7%A1%AE%E4%BA%86%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E5%88%86%E5%8C%85%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%EF%BC%8C%E5%BC%B9%E6%80%A7%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E6%8A%95%E6%A0%87%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E%E6%9D%83%0A%0A93%20%E5%8F%B7%E6%96%87%E9%87%87%E5%8F%96%E4%BA%86%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E5%B0%86%E4%B8%8D%E5%85%B7%E6%9C%89%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E6%88%96%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%8A%A1%E6%95%B4%E4%BD%93%E5%88%86%E5%8C%85%E7%BB%99%E5%85%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%BA%94%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%EF%BC%8C%E8%80%8C%E3%80%8A%E6%80%BB%E5%8C%85%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E6%9D%A1%E4%B8%8D%E5%85%81%E8%AE%B8%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%89%BF%E6%8F%BD%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E5%90%8E%EF%BC%8C%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E6%88%96%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E6%95%B4%E4%BD%93%E5%88%86%E5%8C%85%E5%B0%86%E4%B8%8D%E5%86%8D%E8%A2%AB%E5%85%81%E8%AE%B8%E3%80%82%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%BB%E4%BD%93%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86%E7%9A%84%E5%8B%98%E5%AF%9F%E3%80%81%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%92%8C%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%BB%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E7%9A%84%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E5%9D%87%E4%B8%8D%E8%83%BD%E5%86%8D%E8%A1%8C%E5%88%86%E5%8C%85%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%AA%E8%83%BD%E7%94%B1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E8%87%AA%E8%A1%8C%E5%AE%9E%E6%96%BD%E6%88%96%E5%9C%A8%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E6%A0%B9%E6%8D%AE%E5%90%84%E8%87%AA%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E5%85%81%E8%AE%B8%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E5%88%92%E5%88%86%E3%80%82%E5%9C%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E7%9A%84%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E5%88%86%E5%8C%85%E6%96%B9%E9%9D%A2%EF%BC%8C%E3%80%8A%E6%80%BB%E5%8C%85%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%E3%80%8B%E5%9C%A8%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%9D%A1%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E4%BA%86%E9%99%A4%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%9A%E5%BF%85%E9%A1%BB%E6%8B%9B%E6%A0%87%E7%9A%84%E6%9A%82%E4%BC%B0%E4%BB%B7%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86%E5%A4%96%E5%9D%87%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%91%E5%8C%85%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E5%88%86%E5%8C%85%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%EF%BC%88%E7%89%B9%E5%88%AB%E6%98%AF%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%89%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%EF%BC%89%E5%9C%A8%E5%88%86%E5%8C%85%E4%B8%AD%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%BF%85%E8%A6%81%E7%9A%84%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%8D%E6%8B%9B%E6%A0%87%E6%8F%90%E4%BE%9B%E4%BA%86%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E4%BE%9D%E6%8D%AE%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E5%9C%A8%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%AE%E4%B9%A6%E3%80%81%E5%8F%AF%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A%E3%80%81%E5%88%9D%E6%AD%A5%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%AD%89%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E7%BC%96%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%92%8C%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%B0%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E6%98%AF%E5%90%A6%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E6%8A%95%E6%A0%87%E6%96%B9%E9%9D%A2%EF%BC%8C%E3%80%8A%E6%80%BB%E5%8C%85%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%9D%A1%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E4%BA%86%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%BE%81%E6%B1%82%E6%84%8F%E8%A7%81%E7%A8%BF%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%80%E5%88%80%E5%88%87%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%9C%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%8C%E9%87%87%E5%8F%96%E4%BA%86%E5%BC%B9%E6%80%A7,%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%20%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E3%80%82%E4%B8%80%E6%96%B9%E9%9D%A2%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8%E6%96%B9%E9%9D%A2%E4%B8%A5%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E5%9C%A8%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%8A%95%E8%B5%84%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E4%B8%AD%EF%BC%8C%E5%AF%B9%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E6%8A%95%E8%B5%84%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E4%B8%8D%E4%BD%9C%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E3%80%82%E5%8F%A6%E4%B8%80%E6%96%B9%E9%9D%A2%EF%BC%8C%E7%BB%99%E5%87%BA%E4%BA%86%E2%80%9C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%8A%95%E8%B5%84%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E6%8B%9B%E6%A0%87%E4%BA%BA%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%80%E5%B7%B2%E7%BB%8F%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%AE%E4%B9%A6%E3%80%81%E5%8F%AF%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A%E3%80%81%E5%88%9D%E6%AD%A5%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E2%80%9D%E6%83%85%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E7%BC%96%E5%88%B6%E5%92%8C%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%B0%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E%E6%8A%95%E6%A0%87%E7%9A%84%E7%81%B5%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E5%9B%9B%E3%80%81%E5%88%9D%E6%AD%A5%E7%A1%AE%E7%AB%8B%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%EF%BC%8C%E8%A1%A5%E9%BD%90%E4%BA%86%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E6%BC%8F%E6%B4%9E%0A%0A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E9%80%9A%E5%B8%B8%E9%87%87%E7%94%A8%E5%9B%BA%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%BB%E4%BB%B7%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E8%BE%83%E4%B8%BA%E9%80%82%E5%AE%9C%EF%BC%8C%E4%BD%86%E9%9A%8F%E4%B9%8B%E8%80%8C%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%84%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E6%98%AF%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5%E4%B8%AD%E2%80%9C%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E5%8C%85%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E5%85%A8%E5%8C%85%E2%80%9D%E7%9A%84%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%8C%E5%85%B6%E9%81%93%E3%80%82%E7%AC%94%E8%80%85%E5%9C%A8%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%80%E5%B1%95%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E7%B4%A2%E8%B5%94%E8%B0%88%E5%88%A4%E5%92%8C%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%AE%E6%A1%88%E4%BB%B6%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%9D%87%E9%81%87%E5%88%B0%E8%BF%87%E4%B8%9A%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E6%B1%82%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E6%96%B9%E5%8C%85%E5%B9%B2%E7%AD%BE%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E9%A2%84%E8%A7%81%E6%88%96%E9%9A%BE%E4%BB%A5%E9%A2%84%E8%A7%81%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E6%9D%A1%E4%BB%B6%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E7%9A%84%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E3%80%82%E6%9C%AC%E6%AC%A1%E3%80%8A%E6%80%BB%E5%8C%85%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E6%9D%A1%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E4%BA%86%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E3%80%81%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87%E3%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E4%BB%B7%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%8E%E6%8B%9B%E6%A0%87%E6%97%B6%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%9F%E4%BB%B7%E7%9B%B8%E6%AF%94%EF%BC%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%8A%A8%E5%B9%85%E5%BA%A6%E8%B6%85%E8%BF%87%E5%90%88%E5%90%8C%E7%BA%A6%E5%AE%9A%E5%B9%85%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86%E2%80%9D%E3%80%81%E2%80%9C%E5%9B%A0%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E6%B3%95%E8%A7%84%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%95%E8%B5%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%90%88%E5%90%8C%E4%BB%B7%E6%A0%BC%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E2%80%9D%E3%80%81%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E9%A2%84%E8%A7%81%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E6%9D%A1%E4%BB%B6%E9%80%A0%E6%88%90%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%B4%B9%E7%94%A8%E5%92%8C%E5%B7%A5%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E2%80%9D%E3%80%81%E2%80%9C%E5%9B%A0%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%A0%E4%BA%A7%E7%94%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%B4%B9%E7%94%A8%E5%92%8C%E5%B7%A5%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E2%80%9D%E3%80%81%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E6%8A%97%E5%8A%9B%E9%80%A0%E6%88%90%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%B4%B9%E7%94%A8%E5%92%8C%E5%B7%A5%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E2%80%9D%E5%85%AD%E7%A7%8D%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E5%B1%9E%E4%BA%8E%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E6%89%BF%E6%8B%85%E7%9A%84%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4%EF%BC%8C%E7%A1%AE%E7%AB%8B%E4%BA%86%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E3%80%82%E4%B8%8A%E8%BF%B0%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E4%B8%BA%E5%A4%84%E4%BA%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E5%8A%A3%E5%8A%BF%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D%E7%9A%84%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E6%96%B9%E5%9C%A8%E5%90%88%E5%90%8C%E8%B0%88%E5%88%A4%E5%92%8C%E7%B4%A2%E8%B5%94%E4%B8%AD%E5%90%88%E7%90%86%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E6%8F%90%E4%BE%9B%E4%BA%86%E4%BE%9D%E6%8D%AE%EF%BC%8C%E5%85%B7%E6%9C%89%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E7%9A%84%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E6%84%8F%E4%B9%89%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E5%B1%9E%E4%BA%8E%E8%BE%83%E4%B8%BA%E6%96%B0%E9%A2%96%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%91%E5%8C%85%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%EF%BC%8C%E3%80%8A%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E6%9D%A1%E4%BE%8B%E3%80%8B%E4%BB%85%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E4%BA%86%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%BD%93%E6%89%BF%E6%8B%85%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E5%92%8C%E4%B9%89%E5%8A%A1%EF%BC%8C%E5%B9%B6%E6%9C%AA%E5%B0%86%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%A5%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4%E3%80%82%E8%BF%99%E4%B8%80%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%BB%9E%E5%90%8E%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E4%B9%9F%E5%AF%BC%E8%87%B4%E4%BA%86%E5%9C%A8%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E4%B8%8A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E7%90%86%E5%BA%94%E6%89%BF%E6%8B%85%E8%BE%83%E4%B9%8B%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E6%9B%B4%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E4%BD%86%E5%8D%B4%E6%B2%A1%E6%9C%89%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E4%BE%9D%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E7%9F%9B%E7%9B%BE%E3%80%82%E9%98%B3%E5%85%89%E6%89%80%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%88%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%9F%E8%A5%BF%E4%B8%B0%E5%9F%8E%E7%94%B5%E5%8E%82%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%B1%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E4%BA%86%E8%BF%99%E4%B8%80%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%BC%8F%E6%B4%9E%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6)。

2. 职责划分和管理体系

总承包单位的职责划分至关重要，通常包括项目的设计、采购、施工和质量控制等任务。在《项目总包管理办法》中，强调了工程总承包单位需建立完善的项目管理组织和体系，并配备足够的管理人员，确保项目能够在既定的质量和时间内完成。总承包单位的管理层次和管理人员的专业能力是保证项目顺利推进的基础(住房和城乡建设部 国家发展改革委关于印发房屋建筑和市政基础设施项目工程总承包管理办法的通知_国务院部门文件_中国政府网)。

二、明确风险分担

工程项目通常伴随不可预见的风险，如地质问题、材料价格波动以及政策变化等。项目总包管理办法对于风险分担作出了明确的规定，确保各方能够合理分担风险，从而降低工程项目的潜在风险(住房和城乡建设部 国家发展改革委关于印发房屋建筑和市政基础设施项目工程总承包管理办法的通知_国务院部门文件_中国政府网)[(关于《房屋建筑和市政基础设施项目工程总承包管理办法》（建市规[2019]12号）重点内容解读_政务公开

_寿县人民政府)](https://www.shouxian.gov.cn/public/content/258144089#:~:text=%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81%E6%8F%90%E9%AB%98%E4%BA%86%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E8%A6%81%E6%B1%82%EF%BC%8C%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%0A%0A%E5%9C%A8%E7%9B%AE%E5%89%8D%E6%B2%A1%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%93%E9%97%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E4%B8%8B%EF%BC%8C93%20%E5%8F%B7%E6%96%87%E4%B8%AD%E6%98%8E%E7%A1%AE%E4%BA%86%E5%85%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%BA%94%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E6%88%96%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E4%B8%9A%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%9D%87%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E6%89%BF%E6%8F%BD%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E3%80%8293%20%E5%8F%B7%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E5%B8%83%E5%90%8E%EF%BC%8C%E5%AF%B9%E9%BC%93%E5%8A%B1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E7%A7%AF%E6%9E%81%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E8%B5%B7%E5%88%B0%E4%BA%86%E7%9A%84%E6%8E%A8%E5%8A%A8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E3%80%82%E3%80%8A%E6%80%BB%E5%8C%85%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%E3%80%8B%E6%9C%AC%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%80%E6%94%B9%E4%B9%8B%E5%89%8D%E5%85%81%E8%AE%B8%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%88%86%E5%88%AB%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E7%9A%84%E5%81%9A%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E6%9D%A1%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E4%BA%86%E2%80%9C%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%BD%93%E5%90%8C%E6%97%B6%E5%85%B7%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%8E%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%A7%84%E6%A8%A1%E7%9B%B8%E9%80%82%E5%BA%94%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E7%94%B1%E5%85%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%BA%94%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E7%BB%84%E6%88%90%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BD%93%E3%80%82%E2%80%9D%20%E6%98%8E%E7%A1%AE%E4%BA%86%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E6%8E%A8%E8%BF%9B%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E5%AF%BC%E5%90%91%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%A5%EF%BC%8C%E9%9A%8F%E7%9D%80%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E5%8F%91%E5%8C%85%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E9%87%87%E7%94%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E9%87%8F%E6%97%A5%E8%B6%8B%E5%A2%9E%E5%8A%A0%EF%BC%8C%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%9F%E5%8F%8D%E6%98%A0%E5%87%BA%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%89%BF%E6%8E%A5%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%9B%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3%E3%80%82%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E4%BD%93%E7%8E%B0%E5%87%BA%E7%BC%BA%E4%B9%8F%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E5%91%98%E3%80%81%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E5%92%8C%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%EF%BC%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%88%99%E4%BD%93%E7%8E%B0%E5%87%BA%E7%BC%BA%E4%B9%8F%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E4%BC%98%E5%8C%96%E5%92%8C%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E7%BB%9F%E7%AD%B9%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B%E7%9A%84%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E3%80%82%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%9F%E5%B7%B2%E7%BB%8F%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%8D%E5%B0%91%E5%85%B7%E5%A4%87%E5%89%8D%E7%9E%BB%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%BC%80%E5%A7%8B%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87%E6%96%B0%E8%AE%BE%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E3%80%81%E8%82%A1%E6%9D%83%E6%94%B6%E8%B4%AD%E3%80%81%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89%E6%8C%81%E8%82%A1%E7%AD%89%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B%E3%80%82%E4%B8%BA%E4%BA%86%E5%9F%B9%E8%82%B2%E6%9B%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%B7%E5%A4%87%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%93%E5%8C%96%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B%E7%9A%84%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E4%B8%9A%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%EF%BC%8C%E3%80%8A%E6%80%BB%E5%8C%85%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%E3%80%8B%E5%9C%A8%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%9D%A1%E4%B9%9F%E7%BB%99%E5%87%BA%E4%BA%86%E9%BC%93%E5%8A%B1%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E8%A1%A5%E8%B6%B3%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E7%9F%AD%E6%9D%BF%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E4%B8%89%E3%80%81%E6%98%8E%E7%A1%AE%E4%BA%86%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E5%88%86%E5%8C%85%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%EF%BC%8C%E5%BC%B9%E6%80%A7%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E6%8A%95%E6%A0%87%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E%E6%9D%83%0A%0A93%20%E5%8F%B7%E6%96%87%E9%87%87%E5%8F%96%E4%BA%86%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E5%B0%86%E4%B8%8D%E5%85%B7%E6%9C%89%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E6%88%96%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%8A%A1%E6%95%B4%E4%BD%93%E5%88%86%E5%8C%85%E7%BB%99%E5%85%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%BA%94%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%EF%BC%8C%E8%80%8C%E3%80%8A%E6%80%BB%E5%8C%85%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E6%9D%A1%E4%B8%8D%E5%85%81%E8%AE%B8%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%89%BF%E6%8F%BD%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E5%90%8E%EF%BC%8C%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E6%88%96%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E6%95%B4%E4%BD%93%E5%88%86%E5%8C%85%E5%B0%86%E4%B8%8D%E5%86%8D%E8%A2%AB%E5%85%81%E8%AE%B8%E3%80%82%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%BB%E4%BD%93%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86%E7%9A%84%E5%8B%98%E5%AF%9F%E3%80%81%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%92%8C%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%BB%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E7%9A%84%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E5%9D%87%E4%B8%8D%E8%83%BD%E5%86%8D%E8%A1%8C%E5%88%86%E5%8C%85%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%AA%E8%83%BD%E7%94%B1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E8%87%AA%E8%A1%8C%E5%AE%9E%E6%96%BD%E6%88%96%E5%9C%A8%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E6%A0%B9%E6%8D%AE%E5%90%84%E8%87%AA%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E5%85%81%E8%AE%B8%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E5%88%92%E5%88%86%E3%80%82%E5%9C%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E7%9A%84%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E5%88%86%E5%8C%85%E6%96%B9%E9%9D%A2%EF%BC%8C%E3%80%8A%E6%80%BB%E5%8C%85%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%E3%80%8B%E5%9C%A8%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%9D%A1%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E4%BA%86%E9%99%A4%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%9A%E5%BF%85%E9%A1%BB%E6%8B%9B%E6%A0%87%E7%9A%84%E6%9A%82%E4%BC%B0%E4%BB%B7%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86%E5%A4%96%E5%9D%87%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%91%E5%8C%85%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E5%88%86%E5%8C%85%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%EF%BC%88%E7%89%B9%E5%88%AB%E6%98%AF%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%89%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%EF%BC%89%E5%9C%A8%E5%88%86%E5%8C%85%E4%B8%AD%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%BF%85%E8%A6%81%E7%9A%84%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%8D%E6%8B%9B%E6%A0%87%E6%8F%90%E4%BE%9B%E4%BA%86%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E4%BE%9D%E6%8D%AE%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E5%9C%A8%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%AE%E4%B9%A6%E3%80%81%E5%8F%AF%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A%E3%80%81%E5%88%9D%E6%AD%A5%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%AD%89%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E7%BC%96%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%92%8C%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%B0%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E6%98%AF%E5%90%A6%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E6%8A%95%E6%A0%87%E6%96%B9%E9%9D%A2%EF%BC%8C%E3%80%8A%E6%80%BB%E5%8C%85%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%9D%A1%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E4%BA%86%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%BE%81%E6%B1%82%E6%84%8F%E8%A7%81%E7%A8%BF%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%80%E5%88%80%E5%88%87%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%9C%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%8C%E9%87%87%E5%8F%96%E4%BA%86%E5%BC%B9%E6%80%A7,%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%20%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E3%80%82%E4%B8%80%E6%96%B9%E9%9D%A2%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8%E6%96%B9%E9%9D%A2%E4%B8%A5%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E5%9C%A8%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%8A%95%E8%B5%84%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E4%B8%AD%EF%BC%8C%E5%AF%B9%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E6%8A%95%E8%B5%84%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E4%B8%8D%E4%BD%9C%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E3%80%82%E5%8F%A6%E4%B8%80%E6%96%B9%E9%9D%A2%EF%BC%8C%E7%BB%99%E5%87%BA%E4%BA%86%E2%80%9C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%8A%95%E8%B5%84%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E6%8B%9B%E6%A0%87%E4%BA%BA%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%80%E5%B7%B2%E7%BB%8F%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%AE%E4%B9%A6%E3%80%81%E5%8F%AF%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A%E3%80%81%E5%88%9D%E6%AD%A5%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E2%80%9D%E6%83%85%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E7%BC%96%E5%88%B6%E5%92%8C%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%B0%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E%E6%8A%95%E6%A0%87%E7%9A%84%E7%81%B5%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E5%9B%9B%E3%80%81%E5%88%9D%E6%AD%A5%E7%A1%AE%E7%AB%8B%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%EF%BC%8C%E8%A1%A5%E9%BD%90%E4%BA%86%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E6%BC%8F%E6%B4%9E%0A%0A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E9%80%9A%E5%B8%B8%E9%87%87%E7%94%A8%E5%9B%BA%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%BB%E4%BB%B7%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E8%BE%83%E4%B8%BA%E9%80%82%E5%AE%9C%EF%BC%8C%E4%BD%86%E9%9A%8F%E4%B9%8B%E8%80%8C%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%84%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E6%98%AF%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5%E4%B8%AD%E2%80%9C%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E5%8C%85%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E5%85%A8%E5%8C%85%E2%80%9D%E7%9A%84%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%8C%E5%85%B6%E9%81%93%E3%80%82%E7%AC%94%E8%80%85%E5%9C%A8%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%80%E5%B1%95%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E7%B4%A2%E8%B5%94%E8%B0%88%E5%88%A4%E5%92%8C%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%AE%E6%A1%88%E4%BB%B6%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%9D%87%E9%81%87%E5%88%B0%E8%BF%87%E4%B8%9A%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E6%B1%82%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E6%96%B9%E5%8C%85%E5%B9%B2%E7%AD%BE%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E9%A2%84%E8%A7%81%E6%88%96%E9%9A%BE%E4%BB%A5%E9%A2%84%E8%A7%81%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E6%9D%A1%E4%BB%B6%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E7%9A%84%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E3%80%82%E6%9C%AC%E6%AC%A1%E3%80%8A%E6%80%BB%E5%8C%85%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E6%9D%A1%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E4%BA%86%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E3%80%81%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87%E3%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E4%BB%B7%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%8E%E6%8B%9B%E6%A0%87%E6%97%B6%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%9F%E4%BB%B7%E7%9B%B8%E6%AF%94%EF%BC%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%8A%A8%E5%B9%85%E5%BA%A6%E8%B6%85%E8%BF%87%E5%90%88%E5%90%8C%E7%BA%A6%E5%AE%9A%E5%B9%85%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86%E2%80%9D%E3%80%81%E2%80%9C%E5%9B%A0%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E6%B3%95%E8%A7%84%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%95%E8%B5%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%90%88%E5%90%8C%E4%BB%B7%E6%A0%BC%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E2%80%9D%E3%80%81%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E9%A2%84%E8%A7%81%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E6%9D%A1%E4%BB%B6%E9%80%A0%E6%88%90%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%B4%B9%E7%94%A8%E5%92%8C%E5%B7%A5%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E2%80%9D%E3%80%81%E2%80%9C%E5%9B%A0%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%A0%E4%BA%A7%E7%94%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%B4%B9%E7%94%A8%E5%92%8C%E5%B7%A5%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E2%80%9D%E3%80%81%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E6%8A%97%E5%8A%9B%E9%80%A0%E6%88%90%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%B4%B9%E7%94%A8%E5%92%8C%E5%B7%A5%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E2%80%9D%E5%85%AD%E7%A7%8D%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E5%B1%9E%E4%BA%8E%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E6%89%BF%E6%8B%85%E7%9A%84%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4%EF%BC%8C%E7%A1%AE%E7%AB%8B%E4%BA%86%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E3%80%82%E4%B8%8A%E8%BF%B0%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E4%B8%BA%E5%A4%84%E4%BA%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E5%8A%A3%E5%8A%BF%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D%E7%9A%84%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E6%96%B9%E5%9C%A8%E5%90%88%E5%90%8C%E8%B0%88%E5%88%A4%E5%92%8C%E7%B4%A2%E8%B5%94%E4%B8%AD%E5%90%88%E7%90%86%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E6%8F%90%E4%BE%9B%E4%BA%86%E4%BE%9D%E6%8D%AE%EF%BC%8C%E5%85%B7%E6%9C%89%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E7%9A%84%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E6%84%8F%E4%B9%89%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E5%B1%9E%E4%BA%8E%E8%BE%83%E4%B8%BA%E6%96%B0%E9%A2%96%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%91%E5%8C%85%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%EF%BC%8C%E3%80%8A%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E6%9D%A1%E4%BE%8B%E3%80%8B%E4%BB%85%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E4%BA%86%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%BD%93%E6%89%BF%E6%8B%85%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E5%92%8C%E4%B9%89%E5%8A%A1%EF%BC%8C%E5%B9%B6%E6%9C%AA%E5%B0%86%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%A5%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4%E3%80%82%E8%BF%99%E4%B8%80%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%BB%9E%E5%90%8E%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E4%B9%9F%E5%AF%BC%E8%87%B4%E4%BA%86%E5%9C%A8%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E4%B8%8A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E7%90%86%E5%BA%94%E6%89%BF%E6%8B%85%E8%BE%83%E4%B9%8B%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E6%9B%B4%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E4%BD%86%E5%8D%B4%E6%B2%A1%E6%9C%89%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E4%BE%9D%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E7%9F%9B%E7%9B%BE%E3%80%82%E9%98%B3%E5%85%89%E6%89%80%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%88%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%9F%E8%A5%BF%E4%B8%B0%E5%9F%8E%E7%94%B5%E5%8E%82%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%B1%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E4%BA%86%E8%BF%99%E4%B8%80%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%BC%8F%E6%B4%9E%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6)。

1. 风险种类与责任划分

根据《项目总包管理办法》，总承包方与建设单位需在合同中详细约定风险分担。比如，若因地质条件变化、材料价格波动等因素导致费用和工期变化，具体的责任由双方根据约定来承担。建设单位需承担因政策变动和不可抗力等原因引起的费用变化，而总承包单位则需要对工程质量和进度负责(住房和城乡建设部 国家发展改革委关于印发房屋建筑和市政基础设施项目工程总承包管理办法的通知_国务院部门文件_中国政府网)。

2. 风险管理的保障措施

为了避免责任不清，项目管理办法中强调应采取保险手段来增强风险防范能力。同时，项目经理需要具备相应的资质和经验，以确保能够有效管理这些风险。这一举措增强了项目整体的可控性，也避免了各方在项目实施过程中因风险问题产生不必要的争议。

三、分包管理与合同要求

在项目实施过程中，总承包单位可以根据需要将部分工作进行分包。分包管理是项目总包管理办法中重要的组成部分，目的是保证分包工作的质量，同时避免不必要的管理混乱(住房城乡建设部关于发布国家标准《建设项目工程总承包管理规范》的公告)。

1. 合法分包的要求

分包必须符合法律要求，对于那些必须进行公开招标的工程部分，必须严格按照法律程序进行招标。在这方面，总承包单位应当对所有分包环节负责，确保分包商具备必要的资质，避免因资质不符导致工程质量出现问题[(关于《房屋建筑和市政基础设施项目工程总承包管理办法》（建市规[2019]12号）重点内容解读_政务公开

_寿县人民政府)](https://www.shouxian.gov.cn/public/content/258144089#:~:text=%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81%E6%8F%90%E9%AB%98%E4%BA%86%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E8%A6%81%E6%B1%82%EF%BC%8C%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%0A%0A%E5%9C%A8%E7%9B%AE%E5%89%8D%E6%B2%A1%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%93%E9%97%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E4%B8%8B%EF%BC%8C93%20%E5%8F%B7%E6%96%87%E4%B8%AD%E6%98%8E%E7%A1%AE%E4%BA%86%E5%85%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%BA%94%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E6%88%96%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E4%B8%9A%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%9D%87%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E6%89%BF%E6%8F%BD%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E3%80%8293%20%E5%8F%B7%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E5%B8%83%E5%90%8E%EF%BC%8C%E5%AF%B9%E9%BC%93%E5%8A%B1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E7%A7%AF%E6%9E%81%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E8%B5%B7%E5%88%B0%E4%BA%86%E7%9A%84%E6%8E%A8%E5%8A%A8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E3%80%82%E3%80%8A%E6%80%BB%E5%8C%85%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%E3%80%8B%E6%9C%AC%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%80%E6%94%B9%E4%B9%8B%E5%89%8D%E5%85%81%E8%AE%B8%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%88%86%E5%88%AB%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E7%9A%84%E5%81%9A%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E6%9D%A1%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E4%BA%86%E2%80%9C%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%BD%93%E5%90%8C%E6%97%B6%E5%85%B7%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%8E%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%A7%84%E6%A8%A1%E7%9B%B8%E9%80%82%E5%BA%94%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E7%94%B1%E5%85%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%BA%94%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E7%BB%84%E6%88%90%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BD%93%E3%80%82%E2%80%9D%20%E6%98%8E%E7%A1%AE%E4%BA%86%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E6%8E%A8%E8%BF%9B%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E5%AF%BC%E5%90%91%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%A5%EF%BC%8C%E9%9A%8F%E7%9D%80%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E5%8F%91%E5%8C%85%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E9%87%87%E7%94%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E9%87%8F%E6%97%A5%E8%B6%8B%E5%A2%9E%E5%8A%A0%EF%BC%8C%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%9F%E5%8F%8D%E6%98%A0%E5%87%BA%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%89%BF%E6%8E%A5%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%9B%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3%E3%80%82%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E4%BD%93%E7%8E%B0%E5%87%BA%E7%BC%BA%E4%B9%8F%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E5%91%98%E3%80%81%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E5%92%8C%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%EF%BC%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%88%99%E4%BD%93%E7%8E%B0%E5%87%BA%E7%BC%BA%E4%B9%8F%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E4%BC%98%E5%8C%96%E5%92%8C%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E7%BB%9F%E7%AD%B9%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B%E7%9A%84%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E3%80%82%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%9F%E5%B7%B2%E7%BB%8F%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%8D%E5%B0%91%E5%85%B7%E5%A4%87%E5%89%8D%E7%9E%BB%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%BC%80%E5%A7%8B%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87%E6%96%B0%E8%AE%BE%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E3%80%81%E8%82%A1%E6%9D%83%E6%94%B6%E8%B4%AD%E3%80%81%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89%E6%8C%81%E8%82%A1%E7%AD%89%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B%E3%80%82%E4%B8%BA%E4%BA%86%E5%9F%B9%E8%82%B2%E6%9B%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%B7%E5%A4%87%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%93%E5%8C%96%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B%E7%9A%84%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E4%B8%9A%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%EF%BC%8C%E3%80%8A%E6%80%BB%E5%8C%85%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%E3%80%8B%E5%9C%A8%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%9D%A1%E4%B9%9F%E7%BB%99%E5%87%BA%E4%BA%86%E9%BC%93%E5%8A%B1%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E8%A1%A5%E8%B6%B3%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E7%9F%AD%E6%9D%BF%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E4%B8%89%E3%80%81%E6%98%8E%E7%A1%AE%E4%BA%86%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E5%88%86%E5%8C%85%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%EF%BC%8C%E5%BC%B9%E6%80%A7%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E6%8A%95%E6%A0%87%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E%E6%9D%83%0A%0A93%20%E5%8F%B7%E6%96%87%E9%87%87%E5%8F%96%E4%BA%86%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%92%8C%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E5%B0%86%E4%B8%8D%E5%85%B7%E6%9C%89%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E6%88%96%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%8A%A1%E6%95%B4%E4%BD%93%E5%88%86%E5%8C%85%E7%BB%99%E5%85%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%BA%94%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%EF%BC%8C%E8%80%8C%E3%80%8A%E6%80%BB%E5%8C%85%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E6%9D%A1%E4%B8%8D%E5%85%81%E8%AE%B8%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%89%BF%E6%8F%BD%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E5%90%8E%EF%BC%8C%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E6%88%96%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E6%95%B4%E4%BD%93%E5%88%86%E5%8C%85%E5%B0%86%E4%B8%8D%E5%86%8D%E8%A2%AB%E5%85%81%E8%AE%B8%E3%80%82%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%BB%E4%BD%93%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86%E7%9A%84%E5%8B%98%E5%AF%9F%E3%80%81%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%92%8C%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%BB%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E7%9A%84%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E5%9D%87%E4%B8%8D%E8%83%BD%E5%86%8D%E8%A1%8C%E5%88%86%E5%8C%85%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%AA%E8%83%BD%E7%94%B1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E8%87%AA%E8%A1%8C%E5%AE%9E%E6%96%BD%E6%88%96%E5%9C%A8%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E6%A0%B9%E6%8D%AE%E5%90%84%E8%87%AA%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%84%E8%B4%A8%E5%85%81%E8%AE%B8%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E5%88%92%E5%88%86%E3%80%82%E5%9C%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E7%9A%84%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E5%88%86%E5%8C%85%E6%96%B9%E9%9D%A2%EF%BC%8C%E3%80%8A%E6%80%BB%E5%8C%85%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%E3%80%8B%E5%9C%A8%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%9D%A1%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E4%BA%86%E9%99%A4%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%9A%E5%BF%85%E9%A1%BB%E6%8B%9B%E6%A0%87%E7%9A%84%E6%9A%82%E4%BC%B0%E4%BB%B7%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86%E5%A4%96%E5%9D%87%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%91%E5%8C%85%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E5%88%86%E5%8C%85%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%EF%BC%88%E7%89%B9%E5%88%AB%E6%98%AF%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%89%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%EF%BC%89%E5%9C%A8%E5%88%86%E5%8C%85%E4%B8%AD%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%BF%85%E8%A6%81%E7%9A%84%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%8D%E6%8B%9B%E6%A0%87%E6%8F%90%E4%BE%9B%E4%BA%86%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E4%BE%9D%E6%8D%AE%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E5%9C%A8%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%AE%E4%B9%A6%E3%80%81%E5%8F%AF%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A%E3%80%81%E5%88%9D%E6%AD%A5%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%AD%89%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E7%BC%96%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%92%8C%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%B0%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E6%98%AF%E5%90%A6%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E6%8A%95%E6%A0%87%E6%96%B9%E9%9D%A2%EF%BC%8C%E3%80%8A%E6%80%BB%E5%8C%85%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%9D%A1%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E4%BA%86%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%BE%81%E6%B1%82%E6%84%8F%E8%A7%81%E7%A8%BF%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%80%E5%88%80%E5%88%87%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%9C%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%8C%E9%87%87%E5%8F%96%E4%BA%86%E5%BC%B9%E6%80%A7,%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%20%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E3%80%82%E4%B8%80%E6%96%B9%E9%9D%A2%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8%E6%96%B9%E9%9D%A2%E4%B8%A5%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E5%9C%A8%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%8A%95%E8%B5%84%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E4%B8%AD%EF%BC%8C%E5%AF%B9%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E6%8A%95%E8%B5%84%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E4%B8%8D%E4%BD%9C%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E3%80%82%E5%8F%A6%E4%B8%80%E6%96%B9%E9%9D%A2%EF%BC%8C%E7%BB%99%E5%87%BA%E4%BA%86%E2%80%9C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%8A%95%E8%B5%84%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E6%8B%9B%E6%A0%87%E4%BA%BA%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%80%E5%B7%B2%E7%BB%8F%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%AE%E4%B9%A6%E3%80%81%E5%8F%AF%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A%E3%80%81%E5%88%9D%E6%AD%A5%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E2%80%9D%E6%83%85%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E7%BC%96%E5%88%B6%E5%92%8C%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%B0%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E%E6%8A%95%E6%A0%87%E7%9A%84%E7%81%B5%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E5%9B%9B%E3%80%81%E5%88%9D%E6%AD%A5%E7%A1%AE%E7%AB%8B%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%EF%BC%8C%E8%A1%A5%E9%BD%90%E4%BA%86%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E6%BC%8F%E6%B4%9E%0A%0A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E9%80%9A%E5%B8%B8%E9%87%87%E7%94%A8%E5%9B%BA%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%BB%E4%BB%B7%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E8%BE%83%E4%B8%BA%E9%80%82%E5%AE%9C%EF%BC%8C%E4%BD%86%E9%9A%8F%E4%B9%8B%E8%80%8C%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%84%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E6%98%AF%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5%E4%B8%AD%E2%80%9C%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E5%8C%85%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E5%85%A8%E5%8C%85%E2%80%9D%E7%9A%84%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%8C%E5%85%B6%E9%81%93%E3%80%82%E7%AC%94%E8%80%85%E5%9C%A8%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%80%E5%B1%95%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E7%B4%A2%E8%B5%94%E8%B0%88%E5%88%A4%E5%92%8C%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%AE%E6%A1%88%E4%BB%B6%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%9D%87%E9%81%87%E5%88%B0%E8%BF%87%E4%B8%9A%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E6%B1%82%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E6%96%B9%E5%8C%85%E5%B9%B2%E7%AD%BE%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E9%A2%84%E8%A7%81%E6%88%96%E9%9A%BE%E4%BB%A5%E9%A2%84%E8%A7%81%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E6%9D%A1%E4%BB%B6%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E7%9A%84%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E3%80%82%E6%9C%AC%E6%AC%A1%E3%80%8A%E6%80%BB%E5%8C%85%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E6%9D%A1%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E4%BA%86%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E3%80%81%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87%E3%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E4%BB%B7%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%8E%E6%8B%9B%E6%A0%87%E6%97%B6%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%9F%E4%BB%B7%E7%9B%B8%E6%AF%94%EF%BC%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%8A%A8%E5%B9%85%E5%BA%A6%E8%B6%85%E8%BF%87%E5%90%88%E5%90%8C%E7%BA%A6%E5%AE%9A%E5%B9%85%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86%E2%80%9D%E3%80%81%E2%80%9C%E5%9B%A0%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E6%B3%95%E8%A7%84%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%95%E8%B5%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%90%88%E5%90%8C%E4%BB%B7%E6%A0%BC%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E2%80%9D%E3%80%81%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E9%A2%84%E8%A7%81%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E6%9D%A1%E4%BB%B6%E9%80%A0%E6%88%90%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%B4%B9%E7%94%A8%E5%92%8C%E5%B7%A5%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E2%80%9D%E3%80%81%E2%80%9C%E5%9B%A0%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%A0%E4%BA%A7%E7%94%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%B4%B9%E7%94%A8%E5%92%8C%E5%B7%A5%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E2%80%9D%E3%80%81%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E6%8A%97%E5%8A%9B%E9%80%A0%E6%88%90%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E8%B4%B9%E7%94%A8%E5%92%8C%E5%B7%A5%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E2%80%9D%E5%85%AD%E7%A7%8D%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E5%B1%9E%E4%BA%8E%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E6%89%BF%E6%8B%85%E7%9A%84%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4%EF%BC%8C%E7%A1%AE%E7%AB%8B%E4%BA%86%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E3%80%82%E4%B8%8A%E8%BF%B0%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E4%B8%BA%E5%A4%84%E4%BA%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E5%8A%A3%E5%8A%BF%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D%E7%9A%84%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E6%96%B9%E5%9C%A8%E5%90%88%E5%90%8C%E8%B0%88%E5%88%A4%E5%92%8C%E7%B4%A2%E8%B5%94%E4%B8%AD%E5%90%88%E7%90%86%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E6%8F%90%E4%BE%9B%E4%BA%86%E4%BE%9D%E6%8D%AE%EF%BC%8C%E5%85%B7%E6%9C%89%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E7%9A%84%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E6%84%8F%E4%B9%89%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E5%B1%9E%E4%BA%8E%E8%BE%83%E4%B8%BA%E6%96%B0%E9%A2%96%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%91%E5%8C%85%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%EF%BC%8C%E3%80%8A%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E6%9D%A1%E4%BE%8B%E3%80%8B%E4%BB%85%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E4%BA%86%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%BD%93%E6%89%BF%E6%8B%85%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E5%92%8C%E4%B9%89%E5%8A%A1%EF%BC%8C%E5%B9%B6%E6%9C%AA%E5%B0%86%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%A5%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4%E3%80%82%E8%BF%99%E4%B8%80%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%BB%9E%E5%90%8E%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E4%B9%9F%E5%AF%BC%E8%87%B4%E4%BA%86%E5%9C%A8%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E4%B8%8A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E7%90%86%E5%BA%94%E6%89%BF%E6%8B%85%E8%BE%83%E4%B9%8B%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5%E6%80%BB%E6%89%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E6%9B%B4%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E4%BD%86%E5%8D%B4%E6%B2%A1%E6%9C%89%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E4%BE%9D%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E7%9F%9B%E7%9B%BE%E3%80%82%E9%98%B3%E5%85%89%E6%89%80%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%88%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%9F%E8%A5%BF%E4%B8%B0%E5%9F%8E%E7%94%B5%E5%8E%82%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%B1%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E4%BA%86%E8%BF%99%E4%B8%80%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%BC%8F%E6%B4%9E%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6)。

2. 分包方的责任划分

在项目总包管理办法中，明确规定了总承包单位对分包工程的最终质量负责。这意味着，即使分包商未按要求执行，最终责任仍归总承包单位，保证了项目整体的质量控制和管理规范(住房和城乡建设部 国家发展改革委关于印发房屋建筑和市政基础设施项目工程总承包管理办法的通知_国务院部门文件_中国政府网)。

四、项目管理过程中的质量控制

质量管理是项目总包管理的关键内容之一。项目总包管理办法中明确规定，总承包单位需对工程质量负责，并应设置专门的质量管理部门，确保各个环节的质量符合标准。这对于建筑项目的顺利完成至关重要(住房城乡建设部关于发布国家标准《建设项目工程总承包管理规范》的公告)。

1. 质量保证体系的建立

为确保工程质量，项目总包管理办法要求总承包单位建立完整的质量管理体系。从设计到施工，再到项目竣工，每个环节都必须经过严格的质量检查。这一体系的建立，保证了项目在施工过程中能持续跟踪质量问题并进行及时调整(住房城乡建设部关于发布国家标准《建设项目工程总承包管理规范》的公告)。

2. 定期检查和反馈机制

此外，总承包单位还需要设立定期的质量检查和反馈机制，通过检查与反馈发现问题并进行调整，确保项目实施过程中始终保持高标准的质量控制(住房和城乡建设部 国家发展改革委关于印发房屋建筑和市政基础设施项目工程总承包管理办法的通知_国务院部门文件_中国政府网)。

五、总结与未来发展

随着建筑行业的不断发展，项目总包管理办法的实施不仅规范了行业秩序，也提高了工程项目管理的专业化水平。通过强化总承包单位的职责、明确风险分担、合理安排分包管理以及优化质量控制机制，项目总包管理办法为建筑行业的规范化和高效管理提供了有力保障。

未来，随着工程总承包模式的不断深化和行业需求的多样化，相关管理办法也将继续完善，以适应不断变化的市场环境和技术创新，推动建筑行业迈向更加成熟和高效的发展道路(住房和城乡建设部 国家发展改革委关于印发房屋建筑和市政基础设施项目工程总承包管理办法的通知_国务院部门文件_中国政府网)(住房城乡建设部关于发布国家标准《建设项目工程总承包管理规范》的公告)。

相关问答FAQs：

项目总包管理办法的主要内容包括哪些？
项目总包管理办法通常涵盖项目的整体规划、实施流程、质量控制、安全管理、合同管理、成本控制等方面。具体内容可能包括项目背景、目标、管理组织架构、责任分工、沟通协调机制、风险管理策略以及评估和反馈机制等，以确保项目顺利推进。

在编写项目总包管理办法时需要注意哪些法律法规？
编写项目总包管理办法时，需要关注相关的法律法规，如《合同法》、《招标投标法》及地方性法规等。这些法律法规将影响合同的签署、项目的执行过程以及争议的解决方式。此外，了解行业标准和规范也有助于提高管理办法的有效性和合规性。

如何确保项目总包管理办法的实施效果？
确保项目总包管理办法实施效果的关键在于建立有效的监督和评估机制。可以设立专门的项目管理团队，定期进行项目进展汇报和评估，及时发现和解决问题。此外，培训相关人员，确保他们理解管理办法的内容与要求，也是提高实施效果的重要措施。