python如何让两个电脑之间通讯

使用Python进行两个电脑之间的通讯可以通过套接字编程、HTTP请求、WebSocket、以及消息队列等方式来实现。本文将详细介绍这些方法及其实现步骤、优缺点，并提供相关代码示例。

一、套接字编程

套接字编程是网络编程的基础，通过套接字，两个计算机可以直接进行数据传输。Python的socket库非常强大，支持TCP和UDP协议。

1. TCP套接字

TCP（Transmission Control Protocol）是一种面向连接的、可靠的、基于字节流的传输层通信协议。

服务端代码示例：

import socket
def start_server():
    server_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
    server_socket.bind(('localhost', 8080))
    server_socket.listen(5)
    print("Server started and listening")
    while True:
        client_socket, addr = server_socket.accept()
        print(f"Connection from {addr} has been established.")
        client_socket.send(bytes("Welcome to the server!", "utf-8"))
        client_socket.close()
if __name__ == "__main__":
    start_server()

客户端代码示例：

import socket
def connect_to_server():
    client_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
    client_socket.connect(('localhost', 8080))
    msg = client_socket.recv(1024)
    print(msg.decode("utf-8"))
if __name__ == "__main__":
    connect_to_server()

2. UDP套接字

UDP（User Datagram Protocol）是一种无连接的传输层协议，适用于对实时性要求高但对数据准确性要求不高的应用。

服务端代码示例：

import socket
def start_udp_server():
    server_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
    server_socket.bind(('localhost', 8080))
    print("UDP Server started and listening")
    while True:
        data, addr = server_socket.recvfrom(1024)
        print(f"Message from {addr}: {data.decode('utf-8')}")
        server_socket.sendto(b"Message received", addr)
if __name__ == "__main__":
    start_udp_server()

客户端代码示例：

import socket
def send_udp_message():
    client_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
    client_socket.sendto(b"Hello, Server!", ('localhost', 8080))
    data, addr = client_socket.recvfrom(1024)
    print(data.decode("utf-8"))
if __name__ == "__main__":
    send_udp_message()

二、HTTP请求

通过HTTP请求进行通讯是另一种常见的方法，特别是对于基于Web的应用。Python的requests库使得这一过程变得非常简单。

服务端代码示例（使用Flask）：

from flask import Flask, request
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/message', methods=['POST'])
def message():
    data = request.json
    print(f"Received message: {data}")
    return "Message received", 200
if __name__ == "__main__":
    app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=5000)

客户端代码示例：

import requests
def send_message():
    url = "http://localhost:5000/message"
    data = {"message": "Hello, Server!"}
    response = requests.post(url, json=data)
    print(response.text)
if __name__ == "__main__":
    send_message()

三、WebSocket

WebSocket是一种在单个TCP连接上进行全双工通讯协议，适用于实时应用。

服务端代码示例（使用websockets库）：

import asyncio
import websockets
async def echo(websocket, path):
    async for message in websocket:
        print(f"Received message: {message}")
        await websocket.send(f"Echo: {message}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
    start_server = websockets.serve(echo, "localhost", 8765)
    asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(start_server)
    asyncio.get_event_loop().run_forever()

客户端代码示例：

import asyncio
import websockets
async def send_message():
    uri = "ws://localhost:8765"
    async with websockets.connect(uri) as websocket:
        await websocket.send("Hello, Server!")
        response = await websocket.recv()
        print(f"Received: {response}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
    asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(send_message())

四、消息队列

消息队列是一种异步通讯协议，有助于在多个服务之间传递消息。RabbitMQ是一个流行的消息队列实现，Python的pika库可以与其配合使用。

服务端代码示例：

import pika
def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    print(f"Received {body}")
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()
channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')
channel.basic_consume(queue='hello', on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True)
print('Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')
channel.start_consuming()

客户端代码示例：

import pika
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()
channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')
channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key='hello', body='Hello, Server!')
print(" [x] Sent 'Hello, Server!'")
connection.close()